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11月29日 Bill Gate's Advice to KidsRULE 1: Life is not fair - get used to it!
RULE 2: The world doesn't care about your self-esteem. The world expects you to accomplish BEFORE you feel good about yourself. RULE 3: You will NOT make $40,000.00/year fresh out of high school. And you won't be a vice-president with a car phone until you EARN both. RULE 4: If you think your teacher is tough, wait until you get a boss. He won't have tenure. RULE 5: Flipping burgers is NOT beneath your dignity. Your grandparents had a different word for burger flipping - they called it OPPORTUNITY! RULE 6: If you mess up, it is only your fault; learn from your mistakes. RULE 7: Before you were born, your parents weren't as boring as they are now. They got that way from paying your bills, cleaning your clothes, and listening to you talk about how COOL you are. So before you save the rain forest from the parasites of your parents' generation, try delousing the closet in your room instead. RULE 8: Your school may have done away with winners and losers, but life has not. In some schools they have abolished failing grades and will give you as many times as you need to get it right. This doesn't have the slightest resemblance to ANYTHING in real life. RULE 9: Life is not divided into semesters. You don't get summers off and very few employers are interested in helping you find yourself. Do that on your own time. RULE 10: TV is NOT reality. In real life people need to leave the coffee shop and go to work. RULE 11: BE NICE TO NERDS!! Chances are you will end up working for one! 11月27日 Sir Tim Berners-Lee [1989 he invented the World Wide Web]Tim Berners-Lee Tim Berners-Lee is the Director of the World Wide Web Consortium, Senior Researcher at MIT's CSAIL, and Professor of Computer Science at Southampton ECS. Weaving the Web by Tim Berners-Lee with Mark Fischetti, (Harper San Francisco; Paperback: ISBN:006251587X, Abridged audio cassette abridged ISBN:0694521256) and various other languages. 1997. Biography Tim Berners-Lee graduated from the Queen's College at Oxford University, England, 1976. Whilst there he built his first computer with a soldering iron, TTL gates, an M6800 processor and an old television. He spent two years with Plessey Telecommunications Ltd (Poole, Dorset, UK) a major UK Telecom equipment manufacturer, working on distributed transaction systems, message relays, and bar code technology. In 1978 Tim left Plessey to join D.G Nash Ltd (Ferndown, Dorset, UK), where he wrote among other things typesetting software for intelligent printers, and a multitasking operating system. A year and a half spent as an independent consultant included a six month stint (Jun-Dec 1980)as consultant software engineer at CERN, the European Particle Physics Laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland. Whilst there, he wrote for his own private use his first program for storing information including using random associations. Named "Enquire", and never published, this program formed the conceptual basis for the future development of the World Wide Web. From 1981 until 1984, Tim worked at John Poole's Image Computer Systems Ltd, with technical design responsibility. Work here included real time control firmware, graphics and communications software, and a generic macro language. In 1984, he took up a fellowship at CERN, to work on distributed real-time systems for scientific data acquisition and system control. Among other things, he worked on FASTBUS system software and designed a heterogeneous remote procedure call system. In 1989, he proposed a global hypertext project, to be known as the World Wide Web. Based on the earlier "Enquire" work, it was designed to allow people to work together by combining their knowledge in a web of hypertext documents. He wrote the first World Wide Web server, "httpd", and the first client, "WorldWideWeb" a what-you-see-is-what-you-get hypertext browser/editor which ran in the NeXTStep environment. This work was started in October 1990, and the program "WorldWideWeb" first made available within CERN in December, and on the Internet at large in the summer of 1991. Through 1991 and 1993, Tim continued working on the design of the Web, coordinating feedback from users across the Internet. His initial specifications of URIs, HTTP and HTML were refined and discussed in larger circles as the Web technology spread. In 1994, Tim founded the World Wide Web Consortium at the Laboratory for Computer Science (LCS) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Since that time he has served as the Director of the World Wide Web Consortium which coordinates Web development worldwide, with teams at MIT, at ERCIM in Europe, and at Keio University in Japan. The Consortium takes as its goal to lead the Web to its full potential, ensuring its stability through rapid evolution and revolutionary transformations of its usage. The Consortium may be found at http://www.w3.org/. In 1999, he became the first holder of the 3Com Founders chair at LCS, and is now a Senior Research Scientist within the Lab. The Lab merged with the AI lab to became "CSAIL", the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at MIT, where he heads the Decentralized Information Group (DIG). He is the author of "Weaving the Web", on the the past present and future of the Web. Awards In 1995, Tim Berners-Lee received the Kilby Foundation's "Young Innovator of the Year" Award, and an honorary Prix Ars Electronica, and was corecipient of the ACM Software Systems Award. In 1997 he was awarded the IEEE Koji Kobayashi Computers and Communications Award, the Duddell Medal of the Institute of Physics, the Interactive Services Association's Distinguished Service Award, the MCI Computerworld/Smithsonian Award for Leadership in Innovation, The International Communication Institute's Columbus Prize, and an OBE. In 1998, he received the Charles Babbage award, the Mountbatten Medal of the National Electronics Council, the Lord Lloyd of Kilgerran Prize from the Foundation for Science and Technology, PC Magazine Lifetime Achievement Award in Technical Excellence, a MacArthur Fellowship and The Eduard Rhein technology award. In 1999, Time magazine dubbed him one of the 100 greatest minds of the century and he received a World Technology Award for Communication Technology, and an Honorary Fellowship to the Society for Technical Communications. In 2000, he received the Paul Evan Peters Award of ARL, Educause and CNI, the Electronic Freedom Foundation's pioneer award, and the George R Stibitz Computer Pioneer award at the American Computer Museum, and the Special Award for Outstanding Contribution of the World Television Forum.In 2001 he received the Sir Frank Whittle Medal from the Royal Academy of Engineering. In 2002 he was the recipient of the Japan Prize from the Science and Technology Foundation of Japan.He shared the Prince of Asturias Foundation Prize for Scientific and Technical Research with with Larry Roberts, Rob Kahn and Vint Cerf; became a Fellow of the Guglielmo Marconi Foundation, and received the Albert Medal of the Royal Society for the encouragement of Art, Manufactures and Commerce (RSA). In 2004 Tim was listed in the new year's honours list for a knighthood (KBE) for services to the global development of the Internet and was knighted by H.M. the Queen on 16th July, 2004. Also in 2004 he was awarded the first Millennium Technology Prize and the Special Award of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. In 2005 he received the Common Wealth Award for Distinguished Service for Mass Communications. the Die Quadriga Award, the Institute of Physics President's Medal, and the Financial Times Lifetime Achievement Award. He has honorary degrees from the Parsons School of Design, New York (D.F.A., 1996) , Southampton University (D.Sc., 1996), Essex University (D.U., 1998) Southern Cross University (1998), the Open University (D.U., 2000), Columbia University (D.Law, 2001), Oxford University (2001) and The University of Port Elizabeth (DSc). He is a Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society, and a Honorary Fellow of the Institution of Electrical Engineers., a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a Fellow of the Royal Society (2001) and a member of the American Philosophical Society (2004). Publications Berners-Lee, T.J., et al, "World-Wide Web: Information Universe", Electronic Publishing: Research, Applications and Policy, April 1992. Berners-Lee T.J., et al, "The World Wide Web", Communications of the ACM, August 1994. Tim Berners-Lee with Mark Fischetti, Weaving the Web, Harper San Francisco, 1999 Education The Queen's College, Oxford University, England, BA Hons (I) Physics, 1973-1976. Emanuel School, London 1969-73 Born London, England, 8 June 1955 11月18日 SamuraiThe Origins of Japanese Samurai The Japanese samurai warriors came into existence in the 12th century when two powerful Japanese clans fought bitter wars against each other - the Taira and the Minamato. At that time the Japanese shogunate, a system of a military ruler, called the shogun was formed. Under the shogun the next hierarchy were the daimyo, local rulers comparable to dukes in Europe. The Japanese samurai were the military retainers of a daimyo. And finally you may have heard of ronin. Ronin are samurai without a master. This is what happened to the 47 Ronin in the famous story of Chushingura after their lord was forced to commit suicide. According to historians the fierce fights between hostile clans and war lords was mainly a battle for land. Only 20 percent of Japan's rugged and mountainous area can be used for agriculture. Attributes and Privileges Samurai warriors had several privileges. They were allowed to wear two swords - a long one and a short one. Commoners were not allowed to wear any weapons at all. At a certain period samurai warriors were even allowed to behead a commoner who had offended them. The Japanese samurai caste itself had different ranks with different privileges. A basic ranking system from the twelfth century distinguished three major ranks: * kenin - meaning "housemen". They were the administrators or vassals. * mounted samurai - Only high-ranking samurai warriors were allowed to fight on horse-back. * foot soldiers During the end of the 15th century, the Ashikaga shogunate had lost control over the country. Powerful feudal lords had ravaged Japan in a series of civil wars lasting for roughly 100 years. When Toyotomi Hideyoshi could finally unify Japan, he introduced a series of reforms thus changing the life of the samurai class. He made the samurai live permanently in castles. Until then they were farming their own land during peacetime. It was like the change from an army of draftees to an army of professionals. To finance the system, Toyotomi Hideyoshi introduced a rice taxation system under which every samurai warrior received a certain amount of rice depending on his rank. The samurai warriors had an ethic code of behavior called bushido, meaning "way of the warrior". The central point of the bushidodaimyo. was complete loyalty towards the lord, the Belonging to the Japanese samurai class was a hereditary membership. |
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